Ethics of the Fathers

pirkei avot - perek א

פרקי אבות – פרק א

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Israeli: ' marks a reduced vowel that Israeli speech drops (b'rachah); when the vowel is pronounced it is written e (lefanecha). - separates syllables that would otherwise run together.

How to read the transliterations

פרקי אבות

ETHICS OF THE FATHERS

Each Shabbat after Pesah until the Shabbat before Rosh HaShana, one of the following chapters is read. Two chapters are read on the last three Shabbatot before Rosh HaShana.

Sanhedrin 90aIs. 60

Hebrew

כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר:
וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים, לְעוֹלָם יִירְשׁוּ אָרֶץ
נֵצֶר מַטָּעַי, מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַי לְהִתְפָּאֵר:

Israeli

kol Yisra-el yesh lahem chelek la-olam haba. shene-emar:
ve-amech kulam tzadikim, le-olam yireshu aretz
netzer mata-ai, ma-aseh yadai lehitpa-er:

פרק ראשון

CHAPTER I

Hebrew

מֹשֶׁה קִבֵּל תּוֹרָה מִסִּינַי וּמְסָרָהּ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לִזְקֵנִים, וּזְקֵנִים לִנְבִיאִים,
וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים: הֱווּ
מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַעֲמִידוּ תַלְמִידִים הַרְבֵּה, וַעֲשׂוּ סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה.

Israeli

Mosheh kibel Torah misinai umesarah lihoshua, vihoshua lizkenim, uzkenim linvi-im,
unevi-im mesaruha le-anshei ch'neset hagdolah. hem ameru sh'loshah d'varim: hevu
metunim badin, veha-amidu talmidim harbeh, va-asu s'yag latorah.

Hebrew

שִׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק הָיָה מִשְּׁיָרֵי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר: עַל שְׁלֹשָׁה
דְבָרִים הָעוֹלָם עוֹמֵד, עַל הַתּוֹרָה, וְעַל הָעֲבוֹדָה, וְעַל גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים.

Israeli

Shimon hatzadik hayah mishyarei ch'neset hagdolah. hu hayah omer: al sh'loshah
d'varim ha-olam omed, al hatorah, ve-al ha-avodah, ve-al g'milut chasadim.

Commentary

Ethics of the Fathers (Pirkei Avot) is the name given to the tractate of the Mishna that gathers together many of the ethical teachings of the sages. The word Avot may mean “fundamental principles,” however it is more likely to mean “the fathers” of the oral tradition, the teachers of the Mishna and their predecessors. To the five chapters of the Mishna was added a sixth, not itself part of the Mishna but a later addition, similar in style and content. The need for such an addition arose in circles where the custom was to study one chapter each week during the six Shabbatot between Pesah and Shavuot. It is our custom, however, to study Avot from Pesah until the Shabbat before Rosh HaShana.

The tractate begins by tracing the unbroken continuity of the Oral Law from Moses to the sages. Interestingly, the sages traced their provenance to the prophets rather than the priests, who go unmentioned in the chain of succession.

The tractate ranges widely over matters of belief and conduct, but its primary concern is to set out values and virtues of a life dedicated to the study and practice of Torah. Its style is aphoristic; its statements brief, epigrammatic, and at times even cryptic. The first two chapters are organized chronologically; chapters three and four are collections of sayings; chapter five records teachings whose common feature is that they are associated with numerical lists; and the sixth is a hymn of praise to the life of Torah and the virtues it requires.

No finer account exists of the way of life epitomized by the sages, which was quiet, scholarly, profoundly driven by a sense of justice and integrity, skeptical of politics and politicians, and dedicated to the life of the mind and to the spiritual drama of study as the highest connection between the mind of man and the will of God.

1:1. The elders: Leaders of the people in the days of the Judges (see Judges 2:7). Men of the Great Assembly: a council of the sages convened by Ezra or shortly thereafter, during the Second Temple period. Make a fence: Rabbinic enactments designed to safeguard Torah observance.