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  <title>Foundations of Belief</title>
  <summary>God, peoplehood, the soul, and why</summary>
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      <title>Foundations of Belief</title>
      <subtitle>God, peoplehood, the soul, and why</subtitle>
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        <articleSlug>essentials-essential-questions-who-is-a-jew</articleSlug>
        <title>Who is a Jew?</title>
        <dek>Jewish identity has both a Halachic definition and a wider self-understanding. The two do not always coincide.</dek>
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        <imageTitle>Who is a Jew?</imageTitle>
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        <articleSlug>essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god</articleSlug>
        <title>What Does Judaism Teach About God?</title>
        <dek>Judaism is the world’s founding monotheism. The nature of the One God is a question on which the tradition speaks in many voices.</dek>
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        <imageTitle>What Does Judaism Teach About God?</imageTitle>
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        <articleSlug>essentials-essential-facts-the-three-pillars-torah-avodah-gemilut-chasadim</articleSlug>
        <title>The Three Pillars: Torah, Avodah, Gemilut Chasadim</title>
        <dek>Shimon HaTzaddik: “The world stands on three things: Torah, Avodah (service of God), and acts of loving-kindness.”</dek>
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        <imageTitle>The Three Pillars: Torah, Avodah, Gemilut Chasadim</imageTitle>
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      <story>
        <articleSlug>essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife</articleSlug>
        <title>Do Jews Believe in an Afterlife?</title>
        <dek>Yes—and the tradition speaks of the afterlife with restraint, multiplicity, and a strong focus on this life as primary.</dek>
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        <imageTitle>Do Jews Believe in an Afterlife?</imageTitle>
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      <story>
        <articleSlug>essentials-essential-questions-why-do-jews-not-believe-in-jesus</articleSlug>
        <title>Why Do Jews Not Believe in Jesus?</title>
        <dek>Jesus does not match the Tanakh’s Messianic criteria and his divinity violates Jewish monotheism. The answer is that simple—and that careful.</dek>
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        <imageTitle>Why Do Jews Not Believe in Jesus?</imageTitle>
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      <story>
        <articleSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar</articleSlug>
        <title>What Is Mussar?</title>
        <dek>The Jewish discipline of character refinement—old as the Talmud, formalized in the 19th century by Rabbi Yisrael Salanter.</dek>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar.xml</href>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <imageTitle>What Is Mussar?</imageTitle>
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        <articleSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-tikkun-olam</articleSlug>
        <title>What Is Tikkun Olam?</title>
        <dek>“Repair of the world.” A term with a deep Kabbalistic origin and a wide contemporary application—both worth knowing.</dek>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-tikkun-olam.xml</href>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism</articleSlug>
        <title>Hasidism vs. Mitnagdism</title>
        <dek>The great 18th-century split that still shapes the contemporary Orthodox world.</dek>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism.xml</href>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</articleSlug>
        <title>What Is Kabbalah?</title>
        <dek>The Jewish mystical tradition—the inner Torah, esoteric and beautiful, central since the 13th century.</dek>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah.xml</href>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world</articleSlug>
        <title>Why Did God Create the World?</title>
        <dek>Three classical answers—the rationalist, the kabbalist, and the Hasidic—and why each is illuminating.</dek>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world.xml</href>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <imageTitle>Why Did God Create the World?</imageTitle>
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        <articleSlug>grace-and-what-we-have-instead</articleSlug>
        <title>Grace, and What We Have Instead</title>
        <dek>[Grace](https://www.etymonline.com/word/grace) is a translation, with a Greek history. It does not exist in the [Torah](/glossary.xml#letter-T) in its Christian conception. But &quot;Jews don&apos;t believe in grace,&quot; is absolutely false. So in answering the question, &quot;Where is grace in the Torah,&quot; we need a better answer than simply, &quot;It doesn&apos;t.&quot;</dek>
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        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>divine-names</articleSlug>
        <title>The Name We Don&apos;t Say</title>
        <dek>On divine names, and the many careful ways Jews decline to write them.</dek>
        <href>/articles/divine-names.xml</href>
        <author>The Editors</author>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>editors-desk-theology-gods-pronoun</articleSlug>
        <title>God&apos;s Pronoun</title>
        <dek>What pronoun should we use for God? A meditation drawing on [the Ba&apos;al Shem Tov](/glossary.xml#letter-B), [Kabbalah](/glossary.xml#letter-K), and [Martin Buber](/glossary.xml#letter-M).</dek>
        <href>/articles/editors-desk-theology-gods-pronoun.xml</href>
        <author>Meir David Ben Avraham</author>
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        <articleSlug>editors-desk-theology-a-case-for-existence-a-case-for-god</articleSlug>
        <title>A Case for Existence, A Case for God</title>
        <dek>The Editor&apos;s philosophical argument for existence, for others, and for a higher pattern—written for his children, accessible in the manner of a friendly conversation.</dek>
        <href>/articles/editors-desk-theology-a-case-for-existence-a-case-for-god.xml</href>
        <author>Meir David Ben Avraham</author>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>editors-desk-comparative-on-redemption</articleSlug>
        <title>On Redemption</title>
        <dek>A meditation on the Jewish doctrine of [teshuva](/glossary.xml#letter-T), the Jewish Messianic expectation, and what Christianity inherited and what it altered.</dek>
        <href>/articles/editors-desk-comparative-on-redemption.xml</href>
        <author>Meir David Ben Avraham</author>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>the-problem-of-the-new-testament</articleSlug>
        <title>The Problem of the New Testament</title>
        <dek>A close reading of the New Testament&apos;s portrayal of the [Pharisees](/glossary.xml#letter-P) and Scribes—and why that portrayal cannot be reconciled with what is known of the historical [Sanhedrin](/glossary.xml#letter-S).</dek>
        <href>/articles/the-problem-of-the-new-testament.xml</href>
        <author>Meir David Ben Avraham</author>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>moshe-and-noach-one-soul-two-lives</articleSlug>
        <title>Moshe and Noach: One Soul, Two Lives</title>
        <dek>The Arizal&apos;s teaching that [Moshe Rabbeinu](/glossary.xml#letter-M) was the reincarnation of [Noach](/glossary.xml#letter-N)—and how a leader&apos;s failure to pray for his generation was repaired centuries later at the foot of Sinai.</dek>
        <href>/articles/moshe-and-noach-one-soul-two-lives.xml</href>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>editors-desk-treatise-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought-prologue</articleSlug>
        <title>The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought (Prologue)</title>
        <dek>The prologue of the Editor&apos;s full treatise on [gilgul neshamot](/glossary.xml#letter-G)—the rationalist and mystical traditions of soul-transmigration in Judaism, with detailed engagement of [DovBer Pinson](/glossary.xml#letter-D)&apos;s contemporary synthesis.</dek>
        <href>/articles/editors-desk-treatise-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought-prologue.xml</href>
        <author>Meir David Ben Avraham</author>
        <level>deeper</level>
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        <articleSlug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul</articleSlug>
        <title>The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought</title>
        <dek>A source-based exploration of rationalist and mystical accounts of the soul, reincarnation, and spiritual repair, with a close reading of DovBer Pinson’s Reincarnation and Judaism.</dek>
        <href>/articles/gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul.xml</href>
        <level>scholarly</level>
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        <imageTitle>Do Jews Believe in an Afterlife?</imageTitle>
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